Answer
Nested wave springs consist of multiple turns coiled in parallel rather than in series. This configuration drastically increases the spring rate $k$ by a factor equal to the number of turns $n_{parallel}$. The total load $P$ at a given deflection $f$ is expressed as $P = n_{parallel} \cdot \frac{E \cdot b \cdot t^3 · n^4 · f}{K · D_m^3}$, where $K$ is a geometry-dependent constant. Unlike Crest-to-Crest springs, the nested design provides high forces in very limited radial and axial envelopes. However, frictional hysteresis occurs between the nested layers during compression, which can lead to energy dissipation and slightly higher loading forces during the downstroke compared to the upstroke. This damping effect must be modeled in high-frequency automotive damping systems using a modified coefficient of friction $μ_{eff}$ in the load equation.
