Answer
Nested wave springs consist of multiple turns coiled in parallel (stacked) rather than end-to-end. The total load $P_{total}$ for a nested spring is $P_{single} \times n$, where $n$ is the number of turns, assuming a constant deflection. This configuration provides a much higher spring rate in the same radial space compared to a crest-to-crest design. Mechanically, the primary difference lies in the interaction between turns; nested springs exhibit higher internal friction and hysteresis due to the contact surfaces sliding against each other during deflection. This damping effect can be beneficial in automotive clutch assemblies to reduce vibrations, but must be factored into the load calculations using a friction coefficient $\mu$ typically ranging from 0.05 to 0.1 depending on lubrication.
