How does the 'Gap' vs 'Overlap' design in a single-turn wave spring impact radial expansion and load performance?

In a 'Gap' type spring, the ends are separated, allowing for unimpeded radial expansion during compression without the risk of binding in the bore. The gap $g$ must be larger than the circumference increase $\Delta C = \pi (D_{compressed} - D_{free})$. In an 'Overlap' type, the ends slide over each other. This design provides a more uniform 360-degree contact surface, reducing the risk of 'cocking' the load. However, the overlap increases the local thickness $2t$ at the junction, which must be accounted for in the solid height calculation $H_s = (n + 1)t$ to avoid unexpected interference.