What are the best practices for installing a multi-turn wave spring into a deep bore to prevent misalignment?

Installing multi-turn wave springs into deep bores requires specialized tooling to prevent the 'cocking' or 'shingling' of the coils. A common method involves using a pilot mandrel and a plunger. The mandrel's diameter $D_m$ should be $0.005"-0.010"$ smaller than the spring's $I.D.$. The plunger should be flat and perpendicular to the bore axis to ensure even pressure during insertion. If the spring is not seated squarely, the first wave may engage the bore wall prematurely, leading to permanent deformation or an uneven load distribution. In automated assembly lines for automotive transmissions, vision systems are often used to verify that the spring is seated flat against the shoulder before the next component is installed.