Answer
Kunanirwa kunanirwa mumasoko yumuraba mubisanzwe bitangirira kumurongo (ingingo zo guhangayikishwa cyane) hejuru yimbere ya diameter y'imbere cyangwa hanze aho inenge zubuso cyangwa kwibanda kumaganya bihari. Gusuzuma bikubiyemo gusuzuma ubuso bwavunitse munsi ya SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope); kuba hari 'striations' byemeza kunanirwa kwizunguruka. Ibipimo biboneka mbere yo gutsindwa kwose harimo 'gusya' cyangwa 'gutwika' hejuru yimisozi, byerekana kugenda cyane cyangwa guterana amagambo. Niba amasoko yananiwe imburagihe, injeniyeri agomba kugenzura igishushanyo cya Goodman kugirango barebe niba ibikorwa byo guhangayikisha $ (\ sigma_ {max} - \ sigma_ {min}) $ ari mugari cyane. Kugabanya gutandukana kuri buri muhengeri wongeyeho imiraba myinshi ($ N_w $) numuti usanzwe wo kuzamura ubuzima bwumunaniro.
