Answer
Nested wave springs involve multiple layers of flat wire coiled in parallel. The total load $P_{total}$ is the sum of the loads of each individual turn $n$, effectively $P_{total} = n imes P_{single}$. However, the stress calculation must account for the friction between layers. The primary bending stress is $ au = _x000c_rac{3 imes _x000d_ho imes P imes D_m}{2 imes b imes t^2 imes n^2}$, but in nested configurations, a correction factor $K$ for curvature and inter-layer contact is applied. The nested design allows for extremely high loads in a compact radial space, often used in automotive torque converters. Stress relaxation must be evaluated carefully, as the inner layers experience slightly higher compressive loads due to the radius of curvature variations during the winding process.
