How does the ratio of radial wall ($b$) to material thickness ($t$) influence the stability of a wave spring?

The ratio $b/t$ is a primary factor in preventing 'twisting' or 'buckling' of the wave cross-section. A high $b/t$ ratio (wide radial wall, thin material) provides excellent load capacity but increases the risk of the spring tilting within the housing if the waves are not perfectly formed. Conversely, a low $b/t$ ratio (narrow wall, thick material) mimics a wire spring and is more stable against lateral forces but provides less surface contact area. For optimal stability, Smalley and other standards typically suggest a $b/t$ ratio between 8 and 15. If the ratio exceeds 20, the spring becomes susceptible to 'dish' distortion, where the inner and outer diameters deflect at different rates under load.