Official Answer
Answer
A 'Mandrel' installation involves a tapered tool placed against the end of the shaft. The ring is pushed over the taper, expanding it gradually until it slides onto the shaft and snaps into the groove. This is preferred for manual assembly. A 'Sleeve' or 'Pusher' tool is used in conjunction with a mandrel for automated or high-force applications. The critical engineering limit is the maximum expansion $E_{max} = (D_{shaft} - D_{id}) / D_{id}$. If $E_{max}$ exceeds the material's elastic limit, the ring will take a permanent set and will not seat properly in the groove. Designers must ensure the mandrel taper angle is shallow (typically $3^{\circ}$ to $5^{\circ}$) to minimize the stress during the expansion phase.
