Official Answer
Answer
For high-volume production, manual installation with pliers is inefficient and can over-stress the ring. A 'Mandrel' (for external rings) or a 'Tapered Sleeve' (for internal rings) is used. The mandrel has a gentle taper that gradually expands the ring as it is pushed axially by a plunger. The ring eventually slides off the mandrel and 'snaps' into the groove. The key engineering limit is the 'Maximum Expansion' without permanent set. This is calculated as $\epsilon = _x000c_rac{t(D_g - D_i)}{(D_g - t)(D_i + t)}$ where $D_g$ is the expansion diameter and $D_i$ is the initial ID. The taper angle is typically $3^\circ$ to $5^\circ$ to minimize the required force and avoid galling the ring.
