In a nested wave spring assembly, what factors dictate the alignment of the waves between layers?

Nested wave springs consist of multiple turns coiled in parallel, essentially acting as a single spring with a thickness $T = n \cdot t$, where $n$ is the number of turns. The alignment of the waves is critical; they must be perfectly synchronized to act as a parallel spring system. If the waves are misaligned, the spring will not nest properly, leading to uneven loading and potential interference between turns. The manufacturing process uses a 'continuous filament' coiling technique to ensure the waves are perfectly phased. During installation, care must be taken to avoid twisting the spring, as any axial distortion can cause 'wave-mismatch', resulting in a spring rate that fluctuates unpredictably as the layers slide against each other.