Official Answer
Answer
When wave springs are stacked in series (Crest-to-Crest), the total spring rate $k_{sys}$ is calculated as $\frac{1}{k_{sys}} = \frac{1}{k_1} + \frac{1}{k_2} + ... + \frac{1}{k_n}$. This configuration increases the total deflection for a given load while keeping the load constant. When stacked in parallel (nested), the rates are additive: $k_{sys} = k_1 + k_2 + ... + k_n$. Parallel stacking is used to achieve high loads in small axial spaces, while series stacking is used for long-stroke applications. It is critical during assembly to ensure series-stacked springs are aligned properly to prevent 'snaking' or lateral buckling, often requiring an internal pilot or external guide.
