Official Answer
Answer
Nested wave springs consist of multiple turns coiled in parallel (a single continuous wire coiled multiple times) to increase the load capacity without increasing the footprint. During installation, it is critical that the waves remain perfectly aligned. If the turns become misaligned or 'cross-threaded', the spring rate will deviate wildly from the design. The load $P_{nested} = P_{single} \cdot n$, where $n$ is the number of parallel turns. Assembly usually requires a guided mandrel or bore to maintain concentricity. Because the friction between turns can be significant, the use of a high-pressure lubricant is recommended to prevent fretting and to stabilize the load-deflection curve.
