What are the critical considerations for wave spring installation in a confined bore vs. on a shaft?

When a wave spring is compressed, its diameter expands slightly. If installed in a bore, the clearance between the spring OD and the bore ID must accommodate the expansion $\Delta D \approx 0.02 \times (f/N)$ per wave to prevent binding. If installed on a shaft, the ID must have sufficient clearance to avoid 'clinging' during deflection. Furthermore, the seating surfaces must be flat and hard; soft housing materials like aluminum may suffer from 'fretting' or 'brinelling' due to the concentrated point loads at the wave peaks, necessitating the use of a hardened shim washer.