Official Answer
Answer
Wave springs can be stacked in two ways: Series or Parallel. Stacking in 'Series' (crest-to-crest) increases the total deflection $f_{total} = N imes f_{single}$ while keeping the load constant. This is effectively what a multi-turn spring does. Stacking in 'Parallel' (nested) involves placing springs one inside the other so that their waves are aligned. This increases the load $P_{total} = N imes P_{single}$ for a given deflection. In assembly, it is crucial that nested springs are manufactured with precision so that the waves nest perfectly; otherwise, they will act like series springs initially, causing a 'staged' or 'step' spring rate that can damage the system.
